Glossary
This glossary is intended for reference use only. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained is current and comprehensive, please be aware that inaccuracies occasionally occur. For suggested additions or amendments please e-mail: nims@newham.gov.uk
-
A
- ACORN Neighbourhood Classification
- ACORN stands for 'A Classification of Residential Neighbourhood' and is a geodemographic classification using census and other data to classify postcodes into neighbourhood categories. The classification has been developed by the marketing-data firm CACI.
- ADDRESS-POINT®
- ADDRESS-POINT® is an Ordnance Survey product providing locational information for every postal address in Great Britain.
- All Fields Postcode Directory (AFPD)
- ONS Geography's All Fields Postcode Directory (AFPD) was replaced by the National Statistics Postcode Directory (NSPD) in March 2006. The NSPD lists all postcodes in the United Kingdom and assigns them to a range of administrative, health, electoral and other geographies. It is a key product for anyone needing to relate postcodes to statutory areas.
- Annual Business Inquiry
- The Annual Business Inquiry (ABI) employee estimates cover all UK businesses registered for Value Added Tax (VAT), classified to the 1992 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC(92)) headings listed in the tables. The ABI obtains details on these businesses from the ONS Inter Departmental Business Register (IDBR). The sample is designed as a stratified random sample of about 70,500 businesses. The inquiry population is stratified by SIC(92) and employment using the information from the register. The sampling scheme is designed to give best estimates of the population totals for a given sample size and involves selecting all the largest businesses with a progressively reducing fraction of smaller businesses. Factors are produced to enable estimates for all businesses classified to each SIC(92) to be compiled from data provided by responding businesses.
- Annual Population Survey
- The Annual Population Survey (APS) is a new survey which includes the annual Labour Force Survey (LFS) plus a new sample boost aimed at achieving a minimum sample of 500 economically active adults in local authority districts in England. The size of the total APS is approximately 500,000 people. Like the local area LFS dataset, the APS data are published by local authority area. However, it contains an enhanced range of variables providing a greater level of detail about resident household population of an area. APS estimates replace those previously obtained from the local area LFS in local authority profiles. The methodology for the APS is the same as for the annual LFS (except that the sample sizes have been increased to make the estimates more statistically reliable).
- Association for Geographic Information (AGI)
- AGI is a non-commercial organisation representing users and vendors of Geographic Information (GI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It aims to encourage the use of GI and GIS in both public and private sectors, and does so by producing various publications and arranging meetings and seminars across the country, as well as its annual conference and trade exhibition. AGI plays a key role in developing and implementing GI standards and is involved in many important geographic initiatives in the UK.
-
B
- Borough
- The term 'borough' occurs in several contexts. Many English districts are described as 'boroughs'; there are also county boroughs in Wales, borough constituencies and the London boroughs. The unifying factor is that 'borough' always refers to an area that is substantially urbanised.
- British National Grid
- The British National Grid is a common referencing format for all geographic data in Great Britain. The result is that any location can be described in terms of its distance from the origin (0,0), which lies to the west of the Scilly Isles. Grid references are always presented in terms of eastings (distance east from the origin) and northings (distance north from the origin). Within a Geographic Information System (GIS), British National Grid references are usually stored at 1-metre resolution - eg 271384, 096572 indicates a point 271km, 384m east and 96km, 572m north of the origin. Note: British National Grid references are not used in Northern Ireland, which, along with Eire (the Irish Republic), is covered by the Irish National Grid.
-
C
- CACI
- CACI is the name of a market research company that produces income and profiling data. It’s not an acronym now (though long ago it was).
- Census
- Since 1801, every 10 years the nation has set aside one day for the Census - a count of all people and households (there was no Census for 1941). It is the most complete source of information about the population. The latest Census was held on Sunday 29 April 2001. It is the only survey which provides a detailed picture of the entire population, and is unique because it covers everyone at the same time and asks the same core questions everywhere, making it easy to compare different parts of the country. The information the Census provides allows central and local government, health authorities and many other organisations to target their resources more effectively and to plan housing, education, health, transport and other public services for the future. In England and Wales, the Census is planned and carried out by the Office of National Statistics. Elsewhere in the UK, responsibility lies with the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Census 2001 data can be accessed from the Office of National Statistics website or from NIMS
- Census Area Statistics (CAS) Ward
- Census Area Statistics (CAS) wards are used for 2001 Census outputs. Unlike actual electoral wards/divisions they are required to meet certain minimum size thresholds in order to prevent disclosure of Census data.
- Census Enumeration District (ED)
- Census Enumeration Districts (EDs) are used across the UK for the purposes of census data collection. They were formerly also the base unit of census output, but Census Output Areas (OAs) were introduced for this purpose in 1991 (Scotland) and 2001 (rest of the UK).
- Choropleth Map
- Choropleth maps compare the characteristics of different areas by means of shading; areas with similar characteristics are shaded the same colour.
- City of London
- The City of London is a local authority in central London but is unique in that it is administered by the Corporation of London rather than a standard local authority council. It is however considered as a London borough for many statistical purposes.
- Community Forums (Newham)
- The ten community forum areas are shown on each of the maps in this document as they represent the main areas for local consultation and community involvement and local planning that feeds into the Local Strategic Partnership. It is important to note that the boundaries of the forums (which were formulated locally) are not fixed, and residents are free to decide which community forum area they identify with, but these boundaries have been drawn for statistical purposes. The community forum boundaries do not align with wards or census output areas, hence statistical information for community forums is approximations calculated from statistics available from other formally defined boundaries. Where Census data is presented at community forum NIMS Interactive Statistics Portal, it has been created from 2001 Census output areas. All small cell counts below the value of 3 have been adjusted to either 0 or 3, this adjustment has been made to protect confidentiality and prevent disclosure. The aggregation of output areas to produce the community forum statistics means that the error for community forum statistics with small values is potentially much greater than for larger values that were not subject to rounding at output area level.
- Constituency
- Constituencies are used to elect members to legislatures.
- Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership
- Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships have been established in every local authority in England and Wales (metropolitan and non-metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and London boroughs) . They involve local authorities, police and other relevant groups working together to reduce crime and disorder in their area.
-
D
- Disability Living Allowance
- Disability Living Allowance is payable to people who are disabled and who have personal care needs, mobility needs or both. DLA can be awarded for a fixed or an indefinite period. People can continue to receive the allowance after reaching the age of 65 if they continue to satisfy the entitlement conditions. The two components are:
- a) Care Component - for people who have needed help with personal care for at least 3 months (the 'qualifying period') and are likely to go on needing that help for at least a further 6 months (the 'prospective test'). The care component is paid at three rates, higher,middle and lower.
- b) Mobility Component - for people who have had walking difficulties for at least 3 months and are likely to continue to have those difficulties for at least a further 6 months. It is paid at two rates, higher and lower. People who are terminally ill automatically qualify for the higher rate care component. They can also qualify for the mobility component if they satisfy the normal rules. For both components they do not have to satisfy the qualifying period or the prospective test.
-
E
- Economic Activity
-
- Economically active: People aged 16 and over who are either in employment or unemployed.
- In employment: People aged 16 or over who did some paid work in the reference week (whether as an employee or self employed); those who had a job that they were temporarily away from (on holiday, for example); those on Government supported training and employment programmes; and those doing unpaid family work.
- Unemployment: Refers to people without a job who were available to start work in the two weeks following their LFS interview and who had either looked for work in the four weeks prior to interview or were waiting to start a job they had already obtained.
- Economically inactive: People who are neither in employment nor unemployed. This group includes, for example, all those who are looking after a home or retired.
- Electoral Ward / Electoral Division
- Electoral wards/divisions are the base unit of UK administrative geography such that all higher units are built up from them. They are also used as a base unit for many other geographies such as parliamentary constituencies and Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Electoral wards are found across Scotland, Northern Ireland and most of England, whereas the equivalents in Wales and the Isle of Wight are known as electoral divisions.
-
F
-
G
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based systems for managing, analysing and presenting geographically referenced data.
- Greater London
- Greater London is a collective term for the area covered by the 32 London boroughs and the City of London, and is also the area subject to the Greater London Authority (GLA). It is often considered as a county for statistical purposes, but does not have legal status as such.
- Greater London Authority (GLA)
- The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the body responsible for strategic citywide government for London, and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The remit of the GLA covers the Greater London area.
- Greater London Authority (GLA) Projections
- The GLA produces projections for Greater London populations based on a variety of sources. These projections include data from the annual Mid Year Estimates (MYE) of the ONS which uses the MYE 2001 as baseline population. The migration flows for London are then modelled based on data from the 2005 London Housing Capacity Study (identifying where population flows are likely to occur in response to housing development). Other calculations factored in the GLA projection are the ONS fertility and survival rates, the average household size from Census 2001 and the student migration data again from the 2001 Census.
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Gross Domestic Product is a measure of the total economic activity occurring in the UK. It can be measured in three ways:
- Production
- Income (GDP(I)) Measures the Gross Domestic Product as the total of incomes earned from the production of goods and services.
- Expenditure (GDP(E)) Measures the Gross Domestic Product as the total of all expenditures made either in consuming finished goods and services or adding to wealth, less the cost of imports.
-
H
- Health Action Zone (HAZ)
- Health Action Zones (HAZs) are public/private partnerships which have been established in 26 of the most deprived areas of England. Their aim is to tackle health inequalities and modernise services. HAZs have a variety of geographic constitutions, varying from single local authority areas through to groups of several local authorities. As well as the 26 English HAZs, there are 4 Northern Irish HAZs, which are not all based on complete local authorities. In addition there are 10 Associated HAZs in England, which have a more limited remit and less funding. These are also not all based on complete local authorities.
- Housing Condition
- The condition of housing stock in Newham is assessed and submitted annually to the DCLG as part of the bidding process for capital investment and housing grants. The information provided comes from sections A and B of the Housing Strategy Statistical Appendix (HSSA). The HSSA is updated annually and brings together information about the dwelling stock within each local authority area. More specifically:
- Section A: covers the position of dwelling stock;
- Section B: covers the condition of ‘other private sector' housing.
- The definition of unfit dwelling by the ODPM is described below
A dwelling is deemed unfit if it fails to meet one or more of the following fitness criteria:- is structurally stable;
- is free from serious disrepair;
- is free from dampness prejudicial to the health of the occupants;
- has adequate lighting, heating and ventilation;
- has an adequate supply of wholesome water;
- has satisfactory facilities for the preparation and cooking of food, including a
- sink with a satisfactory supply of hot and cold water;
- has a suitably located water-closet for occupants’ exclusive use;
- has a suitably located fixed bath or shower and hand-wash basin each of
- which is provided with a satisfactory supply of hot and cold water for the
- exclusive use of the occupants
- has an effective system for draining foul waste/surface water.
- Housing Improvement Programme (H.I.P.)
- The Housing Improvement Programme is collated every year and sent to the Department of Communities and Local Government. The purpose of it is to provide information which can be used to formulate a local housing strategy. Data can be used to make comparisons across the region and monitor central government developments. HIP returns are due in to the ODPM in July and cover the previous financial year.
- Housing Needs Survey (H.N.S.)
- The London Borough of Newham commissioned Fordham Research to undertake a multi-tenure Housing Needs Assessment. The main output is an estimate of the overall requirement for additional affordable housing following ODPM Guidance. Analysis is based on a survey of 1,500 local households covering all tenure groups and areas in the borough. The sample for the survey is drawn at random from the Council Tax Register. The survey data is weighted to make it representative of all households in Newham. At the time of the survey there were an estimated 93,500 households. HNS is due every five years - the last one was carried out in 2003 and published in early 2004.
-
I
- Index
- A set of numbers which measure the same characteristics and are all expressed relative to the same reference period or location. (The reference period or location is called the base and often set at 100.) An index provides a representative series of numbers used to indicate trends in prices, production and other variables.
- Indices of Deprivation
- The Department of Communities and Local Government commissioned the Social Disadvantage Research Centre (SDRC) at the Department of Social Policy and Social Research at the University of Oxford to update the Indices of Deprivation 2000 (ID 2000) for England. Following two extensive public consultations, an academic peer review and a significant programme of work, the new Indices of Deprivation 2004 were produced in 2004. The new Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 (IMD 2004) is a Super Output Area (SOA) level measure of multiple deprivation and is made up of seven SOA level Domain Indices. There are also two supplementary Indices (Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People). Summary measures of the IMD 2004 are presented at district and county level. The SOA level Domain Indices and IMD 2004, together with the district and county level summaries are referred to as the Indices of Deprivation 2004 (ID 2004). The new ID 2004 are based on the approach, structure and methodology that was used to create the previous ID 2000. The ID 2004 updates the ID 2000 in two key ways: first, more up-to-date data has been used; and second, new measures have been incorporated as new and improved data sources have become available. The new Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 contains seven Domains which relate to Income deprivation; Employment deprivation; Health deprivation and Disability; Education, Skills and Training deprivation; Barriers to Housing and Services; Living Environment deprivation and Crime.
-
J
-
K
- Key Stages
- A Key Stage is a stage of the state education system in the UK introduced through the Education Reform Act 1988. UK state schools and specialist schools are divided into stages as follows:
- Key Stage 0: Nursery and reception years (3-5 years old). More commonly known as the "Foundation Stage"
- Key Stage 1: Years 1 to 2 (5-7 years old)
- Key Stage 2: Years 3 to 6 (7-11 years old)
- Key Stage 3: Years 7 to 9 (11-14 years old)
- Key Stage 4: Years 10 to 11 (14-16 years old)
- Key Stage 5: (not a commonly used term) Years 12 to 13 (16-18 years old)
-
L
- Local Authority (LA)
- Local authority (LA) is a generic term for any level of local government in the UK. In geographic terms LAs therefore include English counties, non-metropolitan districts, metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and London boroughs; Welsh unitary authorities; Scottish council areas; and Northern Irish district council areas.
- Local Land and Property Gazetteer (LLPG)
- A Local Land and Property Gazetteer (LLPG) is a land and property database maintained by a local authority.
- Local Learning and Skills Council (LLSC)
- The Learning and Skills Council (LSC) is responsible for funding and planning post-16 education and training in England. The LSC has 47 local offices known as Local Learning and Skills Councils (LLSCs). LLSC areas have a variety of local-authority-based constitutions and cover the whole of England.
- London Borough
- The London boroughs are the local government areas within Greater London. The borough councils are unitary administrations with a status similar to metropolitan districts, but will also be affected by any policies implemented by the Greater London Authority (GLA). There are 32 London boroughs, but the City of London (which has a different legal status) is often considered as a borough for statistical purposes. The London boroughs and the City of London together cover the whole Greater London area.
- LSOA
- Lower Super Output Area (LSOAs) are units of geographic boundary developed by the Office for National Statistics and are aggregations of Output Areas. Output Areas are subdivisions of 2003 wards and each contains approximately 125 households (300 residents). LSOAs are the next largest area up and each contain a minimum population of 1,000 persons and on average (mean) contain a population of 1,500 persons. There is a total 34,378 LSOAs in England and Wales.
-
M
- Map Projection
- A wide range of map projections have been developed to try to portray the curved surface of the Earth on a flat piece of paper. This cannot be done accurately so any map will contain some distortion, but different projections have different advantages. For example, some of them portray relative distances accurately, whereas others display relative areas better. Note that the distortion will be greater the larger the area of the Earth's surface portrayed.
- Map Scale
- Map scale refers to the extent to which reality is reduced to display it on a map - eg a scale of 1:25,000 means that 1 centimetre on the map represents 25,000 centimetres (250 metres) on the ground. Large scale maps (eg 1:1,250 or 1:2,500) show a small area of the Earth's surface in a lot of detail. Small scale maps however (eg 1:1,000,000) show large areas in very little detail.
- Metadata
- Metadata is "data about data" and describes any sort of data in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual piece of data, a content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels. Metadata provides basic information such as the source of a data set, the date of creation, links to any related works. Metadata can be compared to a card index catalogue in a library. Information on that card is metadata about a book.
- Mid-Year Estimates
- Mid-Year Estimates are the "official" population figure for a borough, provided by the Office of National Statistics (ONS). These are produced annually, arriving in late August/early September, and are used for any year-on-year comparative figures. They are only available at the borough level by age and gender. The Mid-Year Estimates are re-based following each Census, and then each year births, deaths, in- and out-migration are calculated to produce another estimate.
- MSOA
- Middle layer Super Output Area (MSOAs) are units of geographic boundary developed by the Office for National Statistics and are aggregations of Output Areas. Output Areas are subdivisions of 2003 wards and each contains approximately 125 households (300 residents). MSOAs are larger areas and each contain a minimum population of 5,000 persons and on average (mean) contain a population of 7,200 persons. There is a total 7,193 MSOAs in England and Wales.
-
N
- National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG)
- The National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG) is a national land and property database and is planned to become the single, authoritative source of address data for Great Britain. The NLPG is an aggregation of the Local Land and Property Gazetteers (LLPGs) produced by local authorities.
- Neighbourhood Renewal Fund
- The Government made the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, worth £900 million over 3 years, starting 2001/02, available to 88 Local Authorities in England which were identified according to the level of deprivation found in the DCLG (former ODPM) Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2000. The Spending Review 2002 subsequently made available an additional £975m (£450m in 2004-5 and £525m in 2005-6). Of the 88 Local Authorities eligible for Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, 20 are found in London. Neighbourhood Renewal Fund must be spent on tackling deprivation. It should be used to implement Local Neighbourhood Renewal Strategies and it is intended to help the main public sector service providers and others think about how services could better meet the needs of people in deprived neighbourhoods. It is the responsibility of Local Strategic Partnerships to make decisions on how the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund is spent.
Website: http://www.neighbourhood.gov.uk/nrfund.asp
- Neighbourhood Statistics (NeSS)
- Neighbourhood Statistics (NeSS) is ONS's online service providing socio-economic statistics (including 2001 Census data) for small areas. The primary rationale for NeSS is to provide detailed data to support the National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal, which will involve all levels of authority working together to tackle problems such as deprivation, crime and community breakdown. In practice however NeSS provides a valuable resource for the whole community.
- NHS
- NHS is the acronym for the UK's National Health Service, and is often used in preference to the full name. The NHS is a public sector organisation providing a wide range of health services and infrastructure across the whole country.
- NRF
- Neighbourhood Renewal Fund (NRF) is a special non ring-fenced grant which has been made available to England's most deprived local authorities, to enable them in collaboration with their Local Strategic Partnership (LSP), to improve services, narrowing the gap between deprived areas and the rest of the country.
-
O
- Office of National Statistics Projections
- ONS produces population projections in a similar manner but which use migration trend data from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR).
- Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED)
- Ofsted is the inspectorate for children and learners in England. They contribute to the provision of better education and care through effective inspection and regulation. Ofsted achieve this through a comprehensive system of inspection and regulation covering childcare, schools, colleges, children's services, teacher training and youth work. Each week, hundreds of inspections and regulatory visits are carried out to help professionals in education and childcare make a difference to the lives of children and young people. Ofsted are a non-ministerial government department accountable to Parliament. Their independence means that one can rely on impartial information about the quality of education and care. www.ofsted.gov.uk
- ONS Geography
- ONS Geography is the geographic support service of the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
- Ordnance Survey
- Ordnance Survey is the national mapping agency for Great Britain.
- OS MasterMap
- OS MasterMap is Ordnance Survey's intelligent digital map of Great Britain. It contains a wide range of different layers of mapping data and is designed for use with geographic information systems (GIS) and database systems. OS MasterMap is the branded product of the Digital National Framework (DNF).
- Output Area (OA)
- Output Areas (OAs) are used across the UK as the base unit of census output. They were introduced in Scotland in 1991 and the rest of the UK in 2001. They superseded Census Enumeration Districts (EDs), although EDs are still used for census data collection.
-
P
- Paycheck Household Income Model
- PayCheck is CACI’s model for estimating gross household income for every postcode in the UK. It was launched in 1996 and has become an annual data source. PayCheck models gross income before tax from every source, including Income Support and welfare benefits. PayCheck allows for the analysis of income patterns at SOA level. The estimates are built upon information from over four million surveys held in CACI’s lifestyle database, with statistical reliability enhanced through the application of census and market research data. It is the largest and most comprehensive survey of household income in the UK. Income data broken down into £5,000 bands has been obtained from PayCheck by SOA for Newham in 2001 and 2005. Data included in this report from the Paycheck model is subject to the following copyright notices: ©ONS & GRO(S) © Crown Copyright; 1991/NISRA © Crown Copyright 1994; ©1999 ICD Marketing Services Ltd: All Rights Reserved; ©CACI Copyright 1999: All Rights Reserved
- Point
- In terms of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a point is a feature that can be defined by a single (x,y) co-ordinate pair.
- Polygon
- In terms of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a polygon is a feature defined by a series of sequential co-ordinates that join up to make a closed shape. Examples of polygons include buildings, tracts of water and any geographic units (electoral wards, districts, health authorities etc).
- Postcode
- Postcodes are assigned by Royal Mail to identify postal delivery areas across the UK. They are also a key means of providing locational references for statistical data.
- Postcode: Non-geographic
- Non-geographic postcodes can either be special postcodes assigned to some large users of the postal service, or PO boxes that lie within a (pseudo) postcode district that does not form a discrete part of a postcode area.
-
Q
- Qualifications (according to LFS)
-
- No qualifications: No formal qualifications held
- Other qualifications: includes foreign qualifications and some professional qualifications
- NVQ 1 equivalent: e.g. fewer than 5 GCSEs at grades A-C, foundation GNVQ, NVQ 1, intermediate 1 national qualification (Scotland) or equivalent
- NVQ 2 equivalent: e.g. 5 or more GCSEs at grades A-C, intermediate GNVQ, NVQ 2, intermediate 2 national qualification (Scotland) or equivalent
- NVQ 3 equivalent: e.g. 2 or more A levels, advanced GNVQ, NVQ 3, 2 or more higher or advanced higher national qualifications (Scotland) or equivalent
- NVQ 4 equivalent and above: e.g. HND, Degree and Higher Degree level qualifications or equivalent
- Quarterly Labour Force Survey Dataset
- The quarterly LFS dataset is available and replaces the spreadsheets that have been available since May 2004. The figures in the new dataset are re-weighted to make them consistent with the population estimates published in February and March 2003. The new dataset contains exactly the same range of variables that were available in the old quarterly dataset. However, the new estimates are averages over four quarters rather than estimates for a single quarter as in the old dataset. As averaging increases the sample size on which the estimates are based, the suppression threshold in the new dataset is reduced to 5,500 (from 9,500 in the old dataset). Initially, the new dataset only covers the period back to 2000, but it will eventually include data back to 1992, as in the old quarterly LFS dataset. The original non-reweighted dataset will remain on Nomis until the full time series is available in the new dataset, at which time it will be removed. The old dataset will no longer be updated. The Labour Force Survey has now been replaced by the Annual Population Survey (see above).
-
R
- Royal Mail
- Royal Mail Group plc is a public limited company wholly owned by the government, responsible for the main UK postal service.
-
S
- Straddling
- Straddling refers to the phenomenon of unit postcodes overlapping administrative (or other geographic) boundaries. This is due to the fact that postcodes are defined for mail delivery only and take no account of other geographies. Postcodes are frequently used for referencing data however, so straddling creates problems when we want to relate postcode-referenced data to any of these other geographies (eg electoral wards).
- Socio-Economic Classification
- In 2001, the Registrar General’s Social Class classification and the socio-economic group (SEG) were replaced by the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) in all official statistics. NS-SEC is based not only on occupation but also employment status and where relevant, size of workplace. In conjunction with the new NS-SEC, the Standard Occupation Classification was also updated in 2001 as part of its decennial review. The latest version SOC2000 replaces SOC90. Full details of these changes and the rationale behind them are available at the ONS website www.statistics.gov.uk. There are eight analytical classes within the NS-SEC based on 17 operational categories.
- 1 Higher managerial and professional occupations
- 1.1 Large employers and higher managerial occupations
- 1.2 Higher professional occupations
- 2 Lower managerial and professional occupations
- 3 Intermediate occupations
- 4 Small employers and own account workers
- 5 Lower supervisory and technical occupations
- 6 Semi-routine occupations
- 7 Routine occupations
- 8 Never worked and long-term unemployed
- Super Output Area (SOA)
-
Super Output Areas (SOAs) are a new geographic hierarchy designed to improve the reporting of small area statistics. Within England and Wales a Lower Layer (minimum population 1000) and a Middle Layer (minimum population 5000) were introduced in 2004. Unlike electoral wards, these SOA layers are of consistent size across the country and won't be subjected to regular boundary change. Decisions on a possible Upper Layer are expected in 2006. Until 2001 the standard unit for presenting local statistical information was the electoral ward/division. These vary greatly in size from fewer than 100 residents to more than 30,000 - which does not allow for nationwide comparisons, and also meant that data which could safely be released for larger wards could not be released for smaller wards due to disclosure requirements. Moreover, electoral wards/divisions are subject to regular boundary changes that tend to create problems when comparing datasets from different time periods. A standard geography consistent over time for statistical purposes was developed in response to these problems by ONS, built from groups of the Output Areas (OAs) used for the 2001 Census. Each SOA comprises a minimum population of 1,000 people, with a mean value of 1,500 people. In England and Wales there are 34,378 SOAs. London has 4,765 SOAs. Newham has 159 Lower Level SOAs and 37 Middle Layer SOAs. T
- Thematic Map
- Thematic maps use graphical styles (eg colours or fill patterns) to display information relating to a specific statistical theme - eg birth rates by district. Thematic maps are mostly choropleth maps or proportional symbol maps.
- Travel to Work Area (TTWA)
- Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs) are used in labour market analysis and reflect reasonably self-contained zones in which the bulk of the resident population also work. They are built from 1991 electoral wards but no account is taken of local authority boundaries. TTWAs do not however cross national boundaries.
U
- Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN)
- Unique Property Reference Numbers (UPRNs) are the unique geographic identifiers used in the National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG).
V
W
- Wards
- Ward level data is presented for the 20 new ward boundaries created in 2001. Also refer to electoral ward / electoral division.
X
Y
Z
Feedback
We're always working to improve our website and welcome any suggestions that you may have.
break